)]}'
{"doc/networking-guide/source/intro-networking-components.rst":[{"author":{"_account_id":19779,"name":"Chason Chan","display_name":"chenxing","email":"chason.chan@foxmail.com","username":"chenxing"},"change_message_id":"66a158c78c50b91d3eef18290bb748e479ad33f7","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":6,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":7,"context_line":""},{"line_number":8,"context_line":"Switches are special devices that enable packets to travel from one node to"},{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are multi input / multi output devices. Hosts belonging to the"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"same network are connected using switches. Switches enable forwarding of"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that they"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"dae33548_cff1db97","line":9,"range":{"start_line":9,"start_character":18,"end_line":9,"end_character":44},"updated":"2016-02-19 08:54:03.000000000","message":"\"multi input multi output(MIMO)\"","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":9581,"name":"Ren Qiaowei","email":"qiaowei.ren@intel.com","username":"qiaowei"},"change_message_id":"5b95c297adf98db8c2cccddf88a0c8383d6dc65d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"},{"line_number":17,"context_line":"~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":18,"context_line":""},{"line_number":19,"context_line":"Routers are enhanced switches that enables packets to travel from one network"},{"line_number":20,"context_line":"to another network. Routers enable communication between 2 nodes on different"},{"line_number":21,"context_line":"networks that are not directly connected to each other. Routers operate at"},{"line_number":22,"context_line":"Layer 3 in the networking model. They route the traffic based on the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"dae33548_8fa6b451","line":19,"range":{"start_line":19,"start_character":35,"end_line":19,"end_character":42},"updated":"2016-02-19 08:17:40.000000000","message":"enable","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":17485,"name":"Priya Ingle","email":"priya.ingle@us.ibm.com","username":"pingle"},"change_message_id":"935cb3ef923581f1346ccc431c645ca0a3d3b20d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":17,"context_line":"~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":18,"context_line":""},{"line_number":19,"context_line":"Routers are enhanced switches that enables packets to travel from one network"},{"line_number":20,"context_line":"to another network. Routers enable communication between 2 nodes on different"},{"line_number":21,"context_line":"networks that are not directly connected to each other. Routers operate at"},{"line_number":22,"context_line":"Layer 3 in the networking model. They route the traffic based on the"},{"line_number":23,"context_line":"destination IP address in the packet header."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"bae84128_e5db10ec","line":20,"range":{"start_line":20,"start_character":57,"end_line":20,"end_character":58},"updated":"2016-02-19 18:50:28.000000000","message":"change the number 2 to text \u0027two\u0027","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":9581,"name":"Ren Qiaowei","email":"qiaowei.ren@intel.com","username":"qiaowei"},"change_message_id":"5b95c297adf98db8c2cccddf88a0c8383d6dc65d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":27,"context_line":""},{"line_number":28,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to regulate traffic to and from a host or a network."},{"line_number":29,"context_line":"Firewalls can either be a specialized device connecting two networks or can"},{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented  on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filtered packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state, etc."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"dae33548_4f082c2e","line":30,"range":{"start_line":30,"start_character":51,"end_line":30,"end_character":53},"updated":"2016-02-19 08:17:40.000000000","message":"remove a blank","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":9581,"name":"Ren Qiaowei","email":"qiaowei.ren@intel.com","username":"qiaowei"},"change_message_id":"5b95c297adf98db8c2cccddf88a0c8383d6dc65d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":29,"context_line":"Firewalls can either be a specialized device connecting two networks or can"},{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented  on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filtered packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state, etc."},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access and"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"malicious attacks. Linux based OS implements firewalls through iptables."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"dae33548_2f0de737","line":32,"range":{"start_line":32,"start_character":28,"end_line":32,"end_character":36},"updated":"2016-02-19 08:17:40.000000000","message":"filter","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":19779,"name":"Chason Chan","display_name":"chenxing","email":"chason.chan@foxmail.com","username":"chenxing"},"change_message_id":"66a158c78c50b91d3eef18290bb748e479ad33f7","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented  on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filtered packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state, etc."},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access and"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"malicious attacks. Linux based OS implements firewalls through iptables."},{"line_number":36,"context_line":""}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"bae84128_8006961e","line":33,"range":{"start_line":33,"start_character":75,"end_line":33,"end_character":78},"updated":"2016-02-19 08:54:03.000000000","message":"\"etc\" --\u003e \"and so on\"","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":17485,"name":"Priya Ingle","email":"priya.ingle@us.ibm.com","username":"pingle"},"change_message_id":"935cb3ef923581f1346ccc431c645ca0a3d3b20d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":40,"context_line":"Load balancer can be a software or a hardware based device that allows traffic"},{"line_number":41,"context_line":"to be evenly distributed across several applications. By distributing the"},{"line_number":42,"context_line":"traffic across multiple servers it avoids overload of a single server thereby"},{"line_number":43,"context_line":"preventing a single point of failure in the product.This further improves the"},{"line_number":44,"context_line":"performance, network throughput and response time of the servers."},{"line_number":45,"context_line":"Load balancers are typically used in a 3-tier architecture. In this model,"},{"line_number":46,"context_line":"a request from the front end web server is received by a load balancer"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"bae84128_a5e8e87d","line":43,"range":{"start_line":43,"start_character":52,"end_line":43,"end_character":56},"updated":"2016-02-19 18:50:28.000000000","message":"add a space after the period.","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":17485,"name":"Priya Ingle","email":"priya.ingle@us.ibm.com","username":"pingle"},"change_message_id":"935cb3ef923581f1346ccc431c645ca0a3d3b20d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":43,"context_line":"preventing a single point of failure in the product.This further improves the"},{"line_number":44,"context_line":"performance, network throughput and response time of the servers."},{"line_number":45,"context_line":"Load balancers are typically used in a 3-tier architecture. In this model,"},{"line_number":46,"context_line":"a request from the front end web server is received by a load balancer"},{"line_number":47,"context_line":"which then forwards the request to one of the available backend DB servers"},{"line_number":48,"context_line":"for processing. The response from the DB server is passed back to the web"},{"line_number":49,"context_line":"server for further processing."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"bae84128_85a4c457","line":46,"range":{"start_line":46,"start_character":19,"end_line":46,"end_character":24},"updated":"2016-02-19 18:50:28.000000000","message":"change to front-end","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":17485,"name":"Priya Ingle","email":"priya.ingle@us.ibm.com","username":"pingle"},"change_message_id":"935cb3ef923581f1346ccc431c645ca0a3d3b20d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":44,"context_line":"performance, network throughput and response time of the servers."},{"line_number":45,"context_line":"Load balancers are typically used in a 3-tier architecture. In this model,"},{"line_number":46,"context_line":"a request from the front end web server is received by a load balancer"},{"line_number":47,"context_line":"which then forwards the request to one of the available backend DB servers"},{"line_number":48,"context_line":"for processing. The response from the DB server is passed back to the web"},{"line_number":49,"context_line":"server for further processing."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":1,"id":"bae84128_a5b62888","line":47,"range":{"start_line":47,"start_character":56,"end_line":47,"end_character":63},"updated":"2016-02-19 18:50:28.000000000","message":"change to back-end","commit_id":"e75ae78fd5b3f427aefe85623bdd635c30f44eac"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":10,"context_line":"to the same network are connected using switches. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"networking model. They route the traffic based on the destination ethernet"},{"line_number":14,"context_line":"address in the packet header."},{"line_number":15,"context_line":""},{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_0e8c2c34","line":13,"range":{"start_line":13,"start_character":66,"end_line":13,"end_character":74},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"Ethernet","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":17,"context_line":"~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":18,"context_line":""},{"line_number":19,"context_line":"Routers are enhanced switches that enable packets to travel from one network"},{"line_number":20,"context_line":"to another network. Routers enable communication between two nodes on different"},{"line_number":21,"context_line":"networks that are not directly connected to each other. Routers operate at"},{"line_number":22,"context_line":"Layer 3 in the networking model. They route the traffic based on the"},{"line_number":23,"context_line":"destination IP address in the packet header."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_ce724449","line":20,"range":{"start_line":20,"start_character":11,"end_line":20,"end_character":18},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"I would remove this last word here (or replace it with \u0027one\u0027).","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":27,"context_line":""},{"line_number":28,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to regulate traffic to and from a host or a network."},{"line_number":29,"context_line":"Firewalls can either be a specialized device connecting two networks or can"},{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_4e5c74ed","line":30,"range":{"start_line":30,"start_character":5,"end_line":30,"end_character":19},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"software-based","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14151,"name":"ziyu032","email":"chen.qiaomin@99cloud.net","username":"ziyu032"},"change_message_id":"2ae6aabef3ea4f0d53f25e8dfb1af59a7e3549df","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":27,"context_line":""},{"line_number":28,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to regulate traffic to and from a host or a network."},{"line_number":29,"context_line":"Firewalls can either be a specialized device connecting two networks or can"},{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_c9eebeb3","line":30,"range":{"start_line":30,"start_character":5,"end_line":30,"end_character":19},"in_reply_to":"bae84128_4e5c74ed","updated":"2016-02-21 13:07:01.000000000","message":"+1","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state"},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"and so on. It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"and malicious attacks. Linux based OS implements firewalls through iptables."},{"line_number":36,"context_line":""}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_6e105802","line":33,"range":{"start_line":33,"start_character":7,"end_line":33,"end_character":9},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"IP (capitalized)","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state"},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"and so on. It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"and malicious attacks. Linux based OS implements firewalls through iptables."},{"line_number":36,"context_line":""}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_4e13d40d","line":33,"range":{"start_line":33,"start_character":31,"end_line":33,"end_character":33},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"likewise","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14151,"name":"ziyu032","email":"chen.qiaomin@99cloud.net","username":"ziyu032"},"change_message_id":"2ae6aabef3ea4f0d53f25e8dfb1af59a7e3549df","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":30,"context_line":"be a software based filtering mechanism implemented on an operating system."},{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state"},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"and so on. It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"and malicious attacks. Linux based OS implements firewalls through iptables."},{"line_number":36,"context_line":""}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_69369253","line":33,"range":{"start_line":33,"start_character":7,"end_line":33,"end_character":9},"in_reply_to":"bae84128_6e105802","updated":"2016-02-21 13:07:01.000000000","message":"+1","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":31,"context_line":"Firewalls are used to restrict traffic to a host based on the rules"},{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state"},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"and so on. It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"and malicious attacks. Linux based OS implements firewalls through iptables."},{"line_number":36,"context_line":""},{"line_number":37,"context_line":"Load balancers"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_8ef5dccc","line":34,"range":{"start_line":34,"start_character":0,"end_line":34,"end_character":3},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"Comma before \u0027and\u0027, please.","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. It can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source ip address, destination ip address, port numbers, connection state"},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"and so on. It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"and malicious attacks. Linux based OS implements firewalls through iptables."},{"line_number":36,"context_line":""},{"line_number":37,"context_line":"Load balancers"},{"line_number":38,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_4e2ab42d","line":35,"range":{"start_line":35,"start_character":23,"end_line":35,"end_character":34},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"Linux-based","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":37,"context_line":"Load balancers"},{"line_number":38,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":39,"context_line":""},{"line_number":40,"context_line":"Load balancer can be a software or a hardware based device that allows traffic"},{"line_number":41,"context_line":"to be evenly distributed across several servers. By distributing the"},{"line_number":42,"context_line":"traffic across multiple servers it avoids overload of a single server thereby"},{"line_number":43,"context_line":"preventing a single point of failure in the product. This further improves the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_ee1bc819","line":40,"range":{"start_line":40,"start_character":23,"end_line":40,"end_character":51},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"software- or a hardware-based","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":39,"context_line":""},{"line_number":40,"context_line":"Load balancer can be a software or a hardware based device that allows traffic"},{"line_number":41,"context_line":"to be evenly distributed across several servers. By distributing the"},{"line_number":42,"context_line":"traffic across multiple servers it avoids overload of a single server thereby"},{"line_number":43,"context_line":"preventing a single point of failure in the product. This further improves the"},{"line_number":44,"context_line":"performance, network throughput and response time of the servers."},{"line_number":45,"context_line":"Load balancers are typically used in a 3-tier architecture. In this model,"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_0ed70c24","line":42,"range":{"start_line":42,"start_character":31,"end_line":42,"end_character":32},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"comma before \u0027it\u0027","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"09cde0a80abc7353d95fab7b2efe5cc3dfd8ee2f","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":41,"context_line":"to be evenly distributed across several servers. By distributing the"},{"line_number":42,"context_line":"traffic across multiple servers it avoids overload of a single server thereby"},{"line_number":43,"context_line":"preventing a single point of failure in the product. This further improves the"},{"line_number":44,"context_line":"performance, network throughput and response time of the servers."},{"line_number":45,"context_line":"Load balancers are typically used in a 3-tier architecture. In this model,"},{"line_number":46,"context_line":"a request from the front-end web server is received by a load balancer"},{"line_number":47,"context_line":"which then forwards the request to one of the available back-end DB servers"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":2,"id":"bae84128_8ee31c05","line":44,"range":{"start_line":44,"start_character":31,"end_line":44,"end_character":32},"updated":"2016-02-21 11:32:07.000000000","message":"comma before \u0027and\u0027","commit_id":"d4a311f86269d51ff34c3aa67491831a69c695cc"},{"author":{"_account_id":10897,"name":"Joseph Robinson","email":"josephremail@gmail.com","username":"RobiJoe"},"change_message_id":"5a546891ab83e4017d9122a8bf790fa0183771ae","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":7,"context_line":""},{"line_number":8,"context_line":"Switches are special devices that enable packets to travel from one node to"},{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) devices. Hosts belonging"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"to the same network are connected using switches. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"networking model. They route the traffic based on the destination Ethernet"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":3,"id":"bae84128_b988e123","line":10,"updated":"2016-02-22 00:31:44.000000000","message":"Rephrase this to active voice:\n\"Switches connect together hosts that belong to the same network.\"","commit_id":"73c1caf2e5d1b077e14d25a63920734b8fd5adc4"},{"author":{"_account_id":10897,"name":"Joseph Robinson","email":"josephremail@gmail.com","username":"RobiJoe"},"change_message_id":"5a546891ab83e4017d9122a8bf790fa0183771ae","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":44,"context_line":"performance, network throughput, and response time of the servers."},{"line_number":45,"context_line":"Load balancers are typically used in a 3-tier architecture. In this model,"},{"line_number":46,"context_line":"a request from the front-end web server is received by a load balancer"},{"line_number":47,"context_line":"which then forwards the request to one of the available back-end DB servers"},{"line_number":48,"context_line":"for processing. The response from the DB server is passed back to the web"},{"line_number":49,"context_line":"server for further processing."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":3,"id":"bae84128_b960e136","line":47,"updated":"2016-02-22 00:31:44.000000000","message":"Suggestion - switch to active voice and add a comma before the \u0027which\u0027 clause - \n\"In this model, a load balancer receives a request from the front-end web server, which then forwards the request..\"","commit_id":"73c1caf2e5d1b077e14d25a63920734b8fd5adc4"},{"author":{"_account_id":19779,"name":"Chason Chan","display_name":"chenxing","email":"chason.chan@foxmail.com","username":"chenxing"},"change_message_id":"d69f61fed8ddac67ee79947f9e571847637f93ed","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":38,"context_line":"Load balancers"},{"line_number":39,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":40,"context_line":""},{"line_number":41,"context_line":"Load balancer can be a software- or a hardware-based device that allows traffic"},{"line_number":42,"context_line":"to be evenly distributed across several servers. By distributing the"},{"line_number":43,"context_line":"traffic across multiple servers, it avoids overload of a single server thereby"},{"line_number":44,"context_line":"preventing a single point of failure in the product. This further improves the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":4,"id":"bae84128_ea74469d","line":41,"range":{"start_line":41,"start_character":23,"end_line":41,"end_character":32},"updated":"2016-02-22 04:50:37.000000000","message":"software-based","commit_id":"52fed222260cd2c48e7d6f8c2168797760cf5543"},{"author":{"_account_id":10607,"name":"Alexandra Settle","email":"a.settle@outlook.com","username":"asettle"},"change_message_id":"4290e7bb40d8abcac70f400cc9c539b851ecdd32","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":5,"context_line":"Switches"},{"line_number":6,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":7,"context_line":""},{"line_number":8,"context_line":"Switches are special devices that enable packets to travel from one node to"},{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) devices. Switches connect"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same network together. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":5,"id":"bae84128_68ddd70d","line":8,"updated":"2016-02-22 10:00:26.000000000","message":"are devices*","commit_id":"8a1f7f2b68497e48d9fd778f372f365e3f4d8474"},{"author":{"_account_id":14962,"name":"ologvinova","email":"ologvinova@mirantis.com","username":"ologvinova"},"change_message_id":"252d63087cf9fc1aa7455ac0273757e8c04199ee","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":32,"context_line":"defined on the host. They can filter packets based on several criteria such as"},{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source IP address, destination IP address, port numbers, connection state,"},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"and so on. It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"and malicious attacks. Linux-based Operating Systems implement firewalls"},{"line_number":36,"context_line":"through iptables."},{"line_number":37,"context_line":""},{"line_number":38,"context_line":"Load balancers"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":5,"id":"bae84128_fa852dad","line":35,"range":{"start_line":35,"start_character":35,"end_line":35,"end_character":52},"updated":"2016-02-22 09:13:22.000000000","message":"Operating Systems - no need to capitalize these words (like you do on line 30).","commit_id":"8a1f7f2b68497e48d9fd778f372f365e3f4d8474"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":6,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":7,"context_line":""},{"line_number":8,"context_line":"Switches are devices that enable packets to travel from one node to"},{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) devices. Switches connect"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same network together. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_88974deb","line":9,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"I\u0027ve never heard MIMO used in reference to a switch.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":7,"context_line":""},{"line_number":8,"context_line":"Switches are devices that enable packets to travel from one node to"},{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) devices. Switches connect"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same network together. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"networking model. They route the traffic based on the destination Ethernet"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_a80fb186","line":10,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"Consider qualifying this with \u0027layer-2\u0027 or similar.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"aae5ed369f1507d0de6cf860cf2d160d8d20533a","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":7,"context_line":""},{"line_number":8,"context_line":"Switches are devices that enable packets to travel from one node to"},{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) devices. Switches connect"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same network together. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"networking model. They route the traffic based on the destination Ethernet"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_e4b86bca","line":10,"in_reply_to":"bae84128_6b0be38e","updated":"2016-02-24 13:08:47.000000000","message":"Using \"network\" is a bit vague because different layers define networks differently. For example, a layer-3 network can span several layer-2 networks. Switches can support one or many layer-2 networks using VLANs.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":19677,"name":"Sangeetha Srikanth","email":"ssrikant@us.ibm.com","username":"ssrikant"},"change_message_id":"85663a7b13b33fa87493ac6d0d452728170bd475","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":7,"context_line":""},{"line_number":8,"context_line":"Switches are devices that enable packets to travel from one node to"},{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) devices. Switches connect"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same network together. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"networking model. They route the traffic based on the destination Ethernet"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_6b0be38e","line":10,"in_reply_to":"bae84128_a80fb186","updated":"2016-02-23 05:14:47.000000000","message":"Hi, Can you please elaborate on this comment?","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":9,"context_line":"another. They are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) devices. Switches connect"},{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same network together. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"networking model. They route the traffic based on the destination Ethernet"},{"line_number":14,"context_line":"address in the packet header."},{"line_number":15,"context_line":""}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_887bcdf4","line":12,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"When discussing layers, we use layer-X instead of Layer X, layer X, etc.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same network together. Switches enable forwarding"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"of the packet received on one port (input) to another port (output) so that"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate at Layer 2 in the"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"networking model. They route the traffic based on the destination Ethernet"},{"line_number":14,"context_line":"address in the packet header."},{"line_number":15,"context_line":""},{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_6832c960","line":13,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"Switches switch traffic, not route it. Using the term \u0027route\u0027 here may lead to confusion.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"},{"line_number":17,"context_line":"~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":18,"context_line":""},{"line_number":19,"context_line":"Routers are enhanced switches that enable packets to travel from one network"},{"line_number":20,"context_line":"to another. Routers enable communication between two nodes on different"},{"line_number":21,"context_line":"networks that are not directly connected to each other. Routers operate at"},{"line_number":22,"context_line":"Layer 3 in the networking model. They route the traffic based on the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_08705d0a","line":19,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"Same situation here with use of \u0027network\u0027.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":19677,"name":"Sangeetha Srikanth","email":"ssrikant@us.ibm.com","username":"ssrikant"},"change_message_id":"85663a7b13b33fa87493ac6d0d452728170bd475","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"},{"line_number":17,"context_line":"~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":18,"context_line":""},{"line_number":19,"context_line":"Routers are enhanced switches that enable packets to travel from one network"},{"line_number":20,"context_line":"to another. Routers enable communication between two nodes on different"},{"line_number":21,"context_line":"networks that are not directly connected to each other. Routers operate at"},{"line_number":22,"context_line":"Layer 3 in the networking model. They route the traffic based on the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_ab016b6c","line":19,"in_reply_to":"bae84128_08705d0a","updated":"2016-02-23 05:14:47.000000000","message":"Hi, Can you please elaborate on this comment?","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":4656,"name":"Sean M. Collins","email":"sean@coreitpro.com","username":"scollins"},"change_message_id":"fdd500ccbc124662469841c7fded3f972e955076","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"},{"line_number":17,"context_line":"~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":18,"context_line":""},{"line_number":19,"context_line":"Routers are enhanced switches that enable packets to travel from one network"},{"line_number":20,"context_line":"to another. Routers enable communication between two nodes on different"},{"line_number":21,"context_line":"networks that are not directly connected to each other. Routers operate at"},{"line_number":22,"context_line":"Layer 3 in the networking model. They route the traffic based on the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_cf8e502d","line":19,"in_reply_to":"bae84128_ab016b6c","updated":"2016-02-23 19:46:09.000000000","message":"Not all routers are switches. For example, a router could only have two interfaces - one connected to an existing switch, and a WAN interface.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":33,"context_line":"source IP address, destination IP address, port numbers, connection state,"},{"line_number":34,"context_line":"and so on. It is primarily used to protect the hosts from unauthorized access"},{"line_number":35,"context_line":"and malicious attacks. Linux-based operating systems implement firewalls"},{"line_number":36,"context_line":"through iptables."},{"line_number":37,"context_line":""},{"line_number":38,"context_line":"Load balancers"},{"line_number":39,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_c858358d","line":36,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"Use ``iptables``.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":38,"context_line":"Load balancers"},{"line_number":39,"context_line":"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"},{"line_number":40,"context_line":""},{"line_number":41,"context_line":"Load balancer can be a software-based or a hardware-based device that allows"},{"line_number":42,"context_line":"traffic to be evenly distributed across several servers. By distributing the"},{"line_number":43,"context_line":"traffic across multiple servers, it avoids overload of a single server thereby"},{"line_number":44,"context_line":"preventing a single point of failure in the product. This further improves the"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_68ce492f","line":41,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"A load balancer is...","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"559f42089cf5022d521153493f29ef888f630a1b","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":46,"context_line":"Load balancers are typically used in a 3-tier architecture. In this model,"},{"line_number":47,"context_line":"a load balancer receives a request from the front-end web server,"},{"line_number":48,"context_line":"which then forwards the request to one of the available back-end DB servers"},{"line_number":49,"context_line":"for processing. The response from the DB server is passed back to the web"},{"line_number":50,"context_line":"server for further processing."}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":7,"id":"bae84128_08de9ddc","line":49,"updated":"2016-02-23 04:30:48.000000000","message":"Replace DB with database.","commit_id":"310d509be04fe48c629734259b5f446e6377ecd5"},{"author":{"_account_id":9382,"name":"Shilla Saebi","email":"shilla.saebi@gmail.com","username":"shillasaebi"},"change_message_id":"88b9259db38a078ab0c95b5609d07fd16c60ae2d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same layer-2 network together. Switches enable"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"forwarding of the packet received on one port (input) to another port"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"(output) so that they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"at Layer-2 in the networking model. They forward the traffic based on the"},{"line_number":14,"context_line":"destination Ethernet address in the packet header."},{"line_number":15,"context_line":""},{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":8,"id":"bae84128_76dced74","line":13,"range":{"start_line":13,"start_character":3,"end_line":13,"end_character":8},"updated":"2016-02-24 21:09:36.000000000","message":"should layer-2 be capitalized here?","commit_id":"e852462335795ee034a473d37388fbdc3a0f7235"},{"author":{"_account_id":9515,"name":"Matthew Kassawara","email":"mkassawara@gmail.com","username":"ionosphere80"},"change_message_id":"a7c7265ff2853de5d311bb91656d1044b8632803","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":10,"context_line":"hosts that belong to the same layer-2 network together. Switches enable"},{"line_number":11,"context_line":"forwarding of the packet received on one port (input) to another port"},{"line_number":12,"context_line":"(output) so that they reach the desired destination node. Switches operate"},{"line_number":13,"context_line":"at Layer-2 in the networking model. They forward the traffic based on the"},{"line_number":14,"context_line":"destination Ethernet address in the packet header."},{"line_number":15,"context_line":""},{"line_number":16,"context_line":"Routers"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":8,"id":"bae84128_5647291d","line":13,"range":{"start_line":13,"start_character":3,"end_line":13,"end_character":8},"in_reply_to":"bae84128_76dced74","updated":"2016-02-24 21:10:12.000000000","message":"No.","commit_id":"e852462335795ee034a473d37388fbdc3a0f7235"},{"author":{"_account_id":9382,"name":"Shilla Saebi","email":"shilla.saebi@gmail.com","username":"shillasaebi"},"change_message_id":"88b9259db38a078ab0c95b5609d07fd16c60ae2d","unresolved":false,"context_lines":[{"line_number":19,"context_line":"Routers are special devices that enable packets to travel from one"},{"line_number":20,"context_line":"layer-3 network to another. Routers enable communication between two nodes"},{"line_number":21,"context_line":"on different layer-3 networks that are not directly connected to each other."},{"line_number":22,"context_line":"Routers operate at Layer-3 in the networking model. They route the traffic"},{"line_number":23,"context_line":"based on the destination IP address in the packet header."},{"line_number":24,"context_line":""},{"line_number":25,"context_line":"Firewalls"}],"source_content_type":"text/x-rst","patch_set":8,"id":"bae84128_16ce41b4","line":22,"range":{"start_line":22,"start_character":19,"end_line":22,"end_character":24},"updated":"2016-02-24 21:09:36.000000000","message":"capitalization necessary?","commit_id":"e852462335795ee034a473d37388fbdc3a0f7235"}]}